Indonesia is a maritime country because 70 percent of its territory is water. The oceans contain a lot of mineral and biological potential that can be utilized for people’s welfare. Biodiversity in Indonesia consists of coral reefs, fish, mangroves, and other organisms. One type of fish found in our marine waters is cuttlefish.
Cuttlefish contain calcium in the form of CaCO听3听by 85 percent.听All this time cuttlefish bone is only used as bird feed because of its calcium content.听To increase the usefulness of this cuttlefish, the idea was to use the high calcium content as bone injury filling material.
Bone injury is a serious health problem because the bone is a very important component in the human body as a support for bodily functions. Bone injury can be caused by various factors, both internal and external.
Internal factors that can cause bone damage include tumor disease, malnutrition of vitamins and minerals, and age, while external factors include trauma that causes fractures or other bone deformities.
Cases of fractures causing bone loss and damage require substantial bone replacement material. The material used must be biocompatible, not corrosive, has mechanical and physical properties that are in accordance with its function. This material is called a biomaterial. Biomaterials can be made from natural resources. Natural materials are used as biomaterials because of their good biocompatibility aspects. This biocompatibility is an absolute requirement that must be met by biomaterials to be accepted by the human body and does not cause rejection from the body’s immune system.
Hydroxyapatite (HA) with the chemical formula Ca听10听(笔翱听4听)听6听(翱贬)听2 is widely used as a bone defect filler because of its bioactive and osteoconductive properties which can support bone remineralization because it can stimulate bone cell growth.听This material can induce a biological response during bone formation by absorbing the body’s bone mineral compared with new bone formation.
HA is a biocompatible material, does not react with other parts of the body and blend with bone.听Calcium phosphate contained in HA plays a role in bone mineralization.听The process begins with the presence of calcium deposition in the organic bone matrix, which occurs when local concentrations of Ca听2+听and PO听4听3- are听above the threshold value.
Method and Results
We made HA using CaCO听3听taken from cuttlefish bones.听Firstly 1M听CaCO听3 was听mixed with NH听4听贬听2听笔翱听4听0.6 M using a听magnetic stirrer听for 30 minutes.听The mixture was transferred to the reactor and put into an electric oven to be heated for 12 hours at 200听0听C.听The sample was cooled down at room temperature.听Samples were rinsed with distilled water repeatedly until they reached a neutral pH (pH = 7).听Final rinsing using methanol which aims to limit agglomeration of HA particles during the drying process.听Then the sample is filtered, then dried in an electric oven at a temperature of 50听0C.听After the drying process, the sample is sintered at 900听0听C for 1 hour using the听furnace to form HA.
Cuttlefish HA samples were then tested听in vivo听in white rats within four weeks and eight weeks to determine the inflammatory tissue responses, cell proliferation, callus formation, callus reinforcement (ossification), and bone remodeling.
The synthesis of HA from cuttlefish shows that the best quality HA in terms of crystallinity, compressive strength and cytotoxicity was obtained from the results of the hydrothermal process at 200听0听C for 12 hours followed by the sintering process at 900听0听C for 1 hour.听HA produced from this study is feasible to be applied as a听bone听graft, especially for cancellous bones because of the highest compressive strength was (11,799 卤 0,00057) MPa which is in the range of cancellous bones.
In vivo test results in white rats showed that HA from cuttlefish had an effect on the process of bone growth with the formation of听osteoblasts, osteoclasts, woven bone, lamellar bone,听havers听system听until听bone repair听occurred.听The administration of HA affects healing time.
The best healing time for bone formation occurs on day 56. The longer the healing time, the more new bone is formed, or complete regeneration occurred.听HA from cuttlefish produces the same effect as HA from bovine bone, so HA from cuttlefish can be used as an alternative听bone filler听other than bovine bone for bone regeneration due to bone injury.
Author: Aminatun
Full article available at:
Research听(Published online: 14-06-2019)
In vivo听approach on femur bone regeneration of white rat (Rattus norvegicus) with the use of hydroxyapatite from cuttlefish bone (Sepia听spp.) as bone filler
Aminatun Aminatun, Fadhilah D.E. Handayani, Prihartini Widiyanti, Dwi Winarni and Siswanto Siswanto
Veterinary World, 12(6): 809-816
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