UNAIR NEWS –Avian Influenza (AI) or bird flu, fowl pest, fowl plaque or avian flu is a zoonotic disease caused by the influenza A virus group of theOrthomyxoviridaefamilyand occurs in 2 forms, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza(HPAI) orfowl plaqueandLow Pathogenic Avian Influenza(LPAI).
This disease is listed as an-A-list disease in theOld Classification of Diseases notifiable to the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) Manual.This disease was first identified in Italy around 1878. Meanwhile, H5N1 was first detected in China in 1996.
In the poultry webinar initiated by the IKA-UA commissariat of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine on Sunday, March 21, 2021, Dr. Drh. NLP Indi Dharmayanti, M.Si., Head of the Center for Veterinary Research, Balitbangtan-Ministry of Agriculture said that the dynamics of the AI virus, especially in Indonesia, was isolated for the first time from ducks, pelicans and ducks in 1983, with a prevalence of 6.76-100% on ducks.
“Research on the outbreak in September-October 2003 conducted by BBLITVET was based on clinical, epedemiological, post-death and histopathological features. The epidemic leads to a fatal, infectious disease with a morbidity and mortality rate of up to 100% caused by pathogenic H5N1 bird flu (HPAI), “explained Doctor Indi.
Furthermore, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FKH) UNAIR alumna from Class of 1990 said that molecularly the HPAI H5NI avian influenza virus had been identified to cause an outbreak from 2003 to early 2004. Then, she explained, the second wave of avian influenza outbreak in Indonesia occurred from the end of October 2004 to March 2005, which attacked Java and several areas in South Sulawesi Province which were previously avian influenza free.
“The AI 媼virus mutation in Indonesia is proven by the discovery of theantigenic driftprotein hemagglutinin H5N1 influenza virus in 2003-2006.This finding indicated that most of the 2004-2006 viruses showed changes in epitopes A and B compared to the 2003 viruses, “said Doctor Indi.
The highest mutation, she added, had occurred in two H5N1 viruses in West Java in 2006 which was 4.88%.Several viruses in 2006 showedmultiple basicamino acids with the substitution of the amino acid Arginine (R) to Serine (S) at position -6 (HA1) on thecleavage site ofHA gene.
In 2010, AI viruses isolated from AI vaccinated birds experiencedextensiveantigenic driftcompared to AI viruses isolated from chickens that were not vaccinated against AI.Substitution occurs at the levels of HA, NA, M1 and NS1 genes.In 2011, a publication showed that the Pessel / BPPVRII / 07 virus found around H5N1 cases in humans was considered thefirstreassortantvirusin Indonesia.
“After reports of high mortality cases in ducks in Java Island in September 2012, sequence analysis showed all clustered genes in virus clade 2.3.2.1 which proved the introduction of the exotic H5N1 clade into Indonesia,” said Doctor Indi.
She explained that in 2014, it was reported that the virus subtypes H3 and H10 had been identified in Indonesia. 2016-2017 AI virus subtype H5N1 can be detected in cloacal swab samples of poultry collected in 2016 in Pekalongan Regency, Brebes Regency, and Serang City. The H5N1 virus subtype was identified in waterfowl samples obtained from AI cases in Lamongan Regency in 2016.
“In 2018, areassortantvirus was reportedfrom the November 2012 field surveillance sample in East Java.It is a virusreassortantbetween HPAI H5N1 clade 2.1.3.2a virus and LPAI virus.Reassortant Virus 2020. Genetic analysis shows that the Solo-21/2020 isolate is an AI H9N2 virus which is reassortant of the PB2 gene H5N1 virus, ” she concluded.(*)
Author: Muhammad Suryadiningrat
Editor: Nuri Hermawan
