Indonesia is known as an archipelagic country consisting of around 17,504 islands with a coastline of approximately 81,000 km, the land connected by the ocean (Kench and Mann 2017; Djunarsjah and Putra 2021; Tranggono et al.2021). Indonesia’s sea areais62% of the national area, not including the EEZ of 2.7 million km2. Indonesia’s oceans are so wide with abundant fisheries resources that if properly utilized for development (Pramoda et al.2021). Indonesia has more than 8500 species of fish, which are categorized based on their habitat (Hasan et al.2023). It is predicted that development in Indonesia will advance rapidly (Tranggono et al.2021).
Fisheries resources in their utilization are common property or open access representing a fundamentally problematic situation (Primyastanto et al. 2013; Arthur2020). Open access resources are available to allcomers (Acheson2015). This condition has the potential to cause inefficient levels of fishing effort because fishermen must compete with one another forfish and cause overfishing if the concept of environmental friendliness and sustainability is not applied (Fuller et al.2013). Its common property always triggers exploitative actions in its utilization (overfishing) due to unclear ownership rights (Acheson 2015; Sapriani et al.2021). This can raise symptoms of dissipated resource rent, namely the loss of the resource chain that should be obtained from optimal resource management (Homans and Willen 1997; Fauzi2005). The production of large pelagic fish has decreased every year (Gomez-Campos et al.2011). Based on the Situbondo District Statistics Center (2018), the results from fisheries catch have increased more than two-fold in 2017 (13,83 tons) when compared to 2016 (5.5 tons), this can mean two meanings, the number of fish that is more abundant or the number of fish caught is higher. Because a different case occurred in Probolinggo where there was a decrease in catches in 2017 (19.26 tons) when compared to 2016(19.74 tons). The decrease of fisheries resources is not only due to exploitative actions that cause overfishing, but the use of fishing gear that is not environmentally friendly such as trawl bottom trawling, and decreased carrying capacity of waters due to the degradation of important fisheries habitat (Jia and Zhuang2009; Wang et al.2010; Yu et al.2015; Hasan et al.2021).In ecology, the habitat especially coral for some aquatic organisms functions as a spawning ground (Mahendra et al.2020; Sektiana et al.2022), nursery ground (Whitfield and Pattrick2015) and feeding ground (Brandl et al.2020; Higgins et al.2022). Thus, the existence of an optimal habitat is very important to support sustainable fisheries resources (Yu et al.2015).
One of the fast alternative innovations to making habitat for aquatic organisms especially fish is the application of fish apartments (Isroni2019; Layman and Allgeier2020; Paxton et al.2020; Brochier et al.2021; Vivier et al.2021). The fish apartment isa means to preserve the environment and increase fisheries resources (Yu et al.2015). Fish apartment consists of a building with a hollow structure, consisting of solid matter and placed in the water column (Isroni et al.2019). The function as an assembling place for aquatic organisms, especially fish (Higgins et al.2022). Fish apartments are manipulated to increase the complexity of damaged coral reefs thereby increasing natural productivity, by providing new artificial for aquatic organisms (Gratwicke and Speight 2005) so that they can contribute to the food chain process, including the organisms that are target of production (Xu et al. 2017). Other advantages, fish apartment can protect and restore habitats for small or juvenile aquatic organisms as a nursery ground (Hamel et al.2021), and also protects against waves, strong currents, and predators.
The existence of the fish apartments will also increase the complexity of essential habitat, so the ecological functions are similar to coral reef ecosystems (Isroni et al.2019). The application of fish apartment requires technical considerations regarding the potential location also monitoring of the existing condition of the surrounding fish production. According to Bambang et al. (2011), the placement or installation of fish apartments must have several technical criteria that need to be considered in relation to the conditions of the aquatic environment. In addition, previous research on the application of fish apartments have been successfully carried out in Probolinggo (Isroni2019). However, the application offish apartment Situbondo has not been evaluated. This study will analyse the comparison of application fish apartments based on different locations. This study will analyse the oceanographic, accessibility, catch productivity and most important is community through composition, diversity and dominance of the fish in two different locations, namely Situbondo and Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Furthermore, this study also analyses the business feasibility in Situbondo for additional consideration.
This research was conducted for one year, starting from the application of the fish apartments. There are two locations in East Java, Indonesia used for the application of fish apartments, Karang Katon in Probolinggo Districtand Karang Mayit Pasir Putih Beach in Situbondo District.
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